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When Cross-Cultural Equals Double Cross

How Developmental Aid can Backfire

Montclair State College

In the early 1960s, the Miccosukee Indian tribe, a traditional society and a sovereign American tribal government, established objectives to formally adopt certain Western ways while maintaining much of its traditional tribal culture. The Miccosukees incorporated numerous U.S. federal government planned and funded programs into their living arrangements. This article analyzes part of that experience, concluding that the programs were not very effective and served mainly as a means of transferring money from the federal government to the Miccosukees. Even though the modernization programs were formally installed and some cultural changes did occur, traditional tribal culture nevertheless remained dominant. The case has implications for those who would understand aid and undertake cross-cultural development efforts.

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